Evidence Based Practice Changes By Jean Martin Charcot And...

Evidence-based Practice Changes â€Å"To take away from neurology all the discoveries made by Charcot would be to render it unrecognizable† (Jay, 2000, p. 10). However, nurses of today recognize that had Lidwina of Schiedam lived during Jean Martin Charcot’s (1825-1893) and Florence Nightingale’s era (1859-1969), Lidwina’s nursing care would have been person-centered and focused on the environment and her physical factors (Alligood, 2014; Murray McDonald, 2005). Health care professionals of today are fortunate to now have a clinical description and classification of multiple sclerosis. As a result, with new discoveries, nurses continue to create, analyze, and evaluate nursing concepts, philosophies and theories using research-based evidence and clinical expertise (Institute of Medicine, 2001). The new discoveries, quality improvements, and evidence-based care that has changed the course of multiple sclerosis diagnosis, treatment, and care since Jean Martin Charcot and Florence Nightingale’s time is encouraging and exciting for those that live with the disease. New technologies and critical milestones abound. For example, in 1981 the first MRI pictures of a brain affected by MS was produced (Research News and Progress, 2016). Also, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been instrumental in allowing more precise diagnosis and important biomarkers for determining the effect of treatments from clinical trials (Koutsouraki Michmizos, 2014). These remarkable advances in

Ontological Arguments The Ontological Argument - 1453 Words

The nature of this question is pointing towards ontological arguments, these arguments claim that understanding God’s definition to be true can prove His existence. The proof used is a priori and this means that the propositions do no not require sense experience to be understood as true. The name ontological is taken from two Greek words, ‘ontos’ (being) and ‘logos’ (study of) which shows that the argument is concerned with the nature of God, and it is from His nature that His existence is argued for. In Proslogian, Anselm put forward his version of an ontological argument and his argument looks at having a definition for God that any person can believe, both the fool and the believer. I am going to argue against his argument as looking†¦show more content†¦This then means that God exists even in the mind of the atheist. The fool can accept the definition that God is the greatest being that can be conceived, she understands what she hears, a nd what she understands is obviously previously in her understanding, but she cannot understand it to exist. (Iep.utm.edu, 2015) Gaunilo rejects Anselm’s argument (On behalf of the fool, 1078) by using his own example of the Piland. His premises and conclusion are as followed: P1) A piland is an island which nothing greater can be conceived (thought of) P2) In my mind, a piland exists. P3) By definition, a piland that exists in my mind alone is not as great as one that exists in reality as well. P4) If my piland only exists in my mind that I can conceive a greater one, one that exists within reality too. C) Therefore, a piland exists in both mind and reality. This demonstrates that Anselm’s reasoning may be faulty and by using only a definition may not be enough proof to say that ‘God’ actually exists. However, the existence of the piland may be flawed in the ways that we can always conceive a better island. It seems to me that the sorts of ways in which an island is great are not the same conceptually as what makes God maximally perfect. For example, if one thinks that a

Financial Exploitation Determination of Probable Cause

Question: Describe about theFinancial Exploitation forDetermination of Probable Cause?. Answer: Background The case is about the crime of Theft in the first degree, committed by Derek Clint Yates in the City of Auburn, King Country, Washington. Eleanor H. Ludwig taught in the school for over thirty years in Kent. Later in 1981, she became involved in the investment business of real estate with her husband. They maintained 10 to 15 rental properties throughout South King Country. After the death of her husband, she began exhibiting short term memory changes and the signs of depression had increased. However, she employed Derek Yates for maintaining the work on various properties owned by her. In June 2011, Eleanor Ludwig hired Wilson and Sons, who was owned by Derek Yates' father. Eleanor and Yates developed the personal relationship and Ludwig shared the information related to her properties. She usually makes the payment in cheques but Yates refused to take cheques because he didn't have any bank account. She relied on him to help her in maintaining the properties and was loyal to him. He would manipulate her in giving him a large amount of money for the purchase of supplies and never provided receipts back to her. Therefore, no financial transactions could be made and due to this Eleanor Ludwig had been financially exploited by him (Anon., 2016). Areas Examined In the late August 2011, Eleanor Ludwig and Derek Yates decided to buy an additional property. Eleanor purchased a condominium along with Yates as the co-owner of the property but there was no record that he contributed any money to the transaction. All the documents were misfiled and the expenditures were unrecorded. We examined the financial records and related documents through the issuance of a search warrant and bank records of both Eleanor Ludwig and Derek Yates and suspect during the period between September, 2011 to August, 2012 in order to determine the total amount of cheques made payable to Derek Yates to purchase the supplies needed for maintaining and remodeling the various properties. Findings of the Investigation Through the investigation, it was found that Eleanor Ludwig wrote 103 cheques between 29th August 2011 to 5th September 2012 payable to Derek Yates with the total amount of $ 250,830. However, there is no indication from the written cheques by Eleanor Ludwig that Yates was paid a regular monthly fee for the work he performed on the properties. Ludwig also wrote the cheques to All City Bail Bonds for Yates amounted to $ 14,248 in March, 2012. An additional cheques were made payable by the Ludwig to Yates's family members (his mother, stepfather and girlfriend) for $ 4,251. Cause of Condition Eleanor Ludwig was living alone having the age of 84 years was financially exploited by Yates because she did not have the mental ability to handle the complex financial and property decisions. Her cognitive capacity to consent to release her property, income, resources or trust funds was failing significantly. She owns many properties with the limited means to care. To the great extent, Derek Yates had gained the trust of Eleanor Ludwig and obtained her consent to provide the money in advance for the purchase of supplies and never receive a refund. However, Ludwig's granddaughter Breanna Drennan tried to talk her about Yates, how he was unkind and yelled on her but Eleanor always came to his defense (Napsa-now.org, 2016). Effect of Condition The financial exploitation of the elder member is the increasing threat in the nation. They are less able to survive with their finances due to their income. In the financial exploitation most of the adults lose their savings along with their possession (Healthlinkbc.ca, 2016). It is the huge concern for the adults as it affects them badly and hinders their ability in maintaining their finances. However, the mental stability of Eleanor was significantly falling and this irregularity led to major financial losses to her. The trust among the members of the family is negatively impacted and their actions are abused. If these problems are not detected by anyone on time may cause a financial threat to the victim (Giaging.org, 2016). Conclusion Eleanor Ludwig was vulnerable to the financial exploitation by Derek C. Yates. She was maintaining the properties herself only and employed Yates to look after the properties owned by her. In the meanwhile, she had a hard time in maintaining the paperwork and keeping the records of the property and began to misplace the things related to the property. During this time period, Derek Yates had started taking the advantage of Ludwig. This leads to the state of dishonest tactics, undue influence and illegal means to exploit her (Justice.gov, 2016). However, Breanna Drennan granddaughter of Eleanor had initiated a Vulnerable Adult Protection Order against Derek Yates in order to protect her grandmother. After the investigation, the financial records of both Eleanor and Yates has been analyzed and found that in the beginning Yates was depositing the cheques written to him into his personal account and there was no record in the bank about the purpose of using the money him. Instead, it was spent on his daily activities. In addition, it was believed that she become fearful and had financial burden and stress which in turn resulted into the dramatic change in the emotional well being and lifestyle. Therefore, it was believed that Yates had committed the crime of Theft by Deception against Eleanor Ludwig (Justice.gov, 2016). Recommendations Financial exploitation arises when the person misuses the assets of the adult for his personal benefit. It is the fastest growing form of abusing the adults or the seniors, depriving them of the financial resources for their personal needs. There are many ways to address this financial exploitation. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau had founded various financial institutions considering the best way to serve the solution for the problems faced by the people (Consumerfinance, 2016) According to the jurisprudence and rules of law, the proper medical treatment of Eleanor Ludwig should be done. And the evidence should be collected to make Derek Yates accused of the crime of financial exploitation. The strict action should be taken against him and recover the amount he had spent during the period of maintaining the properties and the financial advisor should be hired for maintaining the accounts of Eleanor Ludwig (Usa.gov, 2016). To prevent the elder abuse, Eleanor should live with her family members and develop the frameworks to prevent, address and punish the culprit. There should be a joint account of the Eleanor and her family member in the bank to ensure the financial security and the power of attorney should be monitored. However, the State Legislatures and other agencies have taken major steps towards combating the financial abuse. References Anon., 2016. Yates Certification for Determination of Probable Cause. Consumerfinance, 2016. Recommendations and report for financial institutions on preventing and responding to elder financial exploitation. Giaging.org, 2016. Financial Exploitation. [Online] Available at: https://www.giaging.org/issues/financial-exploitation/ [Accessed 26 May 2016]. Healthlinkbc.ca, 2016. Financial Abuse of Older Adults. [Online] Available at: https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthfiles/hfile93d.stm [Accessed 26 May 2016]. Justice.gov, 2016. The United States Department of Justice. [Online] Available at: https://www.justice.gov/elderjustice/financial/faq.html#what-is-a-financial-management-plan [Accessed 25 May 2016]. Justice.gov, 2016. The United States Department of Justice. [Online] Available at: https://www.justice.gov/elderjustice/financial/faq.html#why-do-some-older-adults-fall-victim-to-financial-exploitation [Accessed 26 May 2016]. Napsa-now.org, 2016. Elder Financial Exploitation. [Online] Available at: https://www.napsa-now.org/policy-advocacy/exploitation/ [Accessed 25 May 2016]. Usa.gov, 2016. Popular Federal Laws and Regulations. [Online] Available at: https://www.usa.gov/laws-and-regulations [Accessed 26 May 2016].

Mind Games Sometimes a White Coat Isnt Just a White Coat Essays

Mind Games: Sometimes a White Coat Isnt Just a White Coat By SANDRA BLAKESLEEAPRIL 2, 2012 PERCEPTION Wearing a coat thought to be a doctors may improve attention. Credit Michael Temchine for The New York Times If you wear a white coat that you believe belongs to a doctor, your ability to pay attention increases sharply. But if you wear the same white coat believing it belongs to a painter, you will show no such improvement. So scientists report after studying a phenomenon they call enclothed cognition: the effects of clothing on cognitive processes. It is not enough to see a doctors coat hanging in your doorway, said Adam D. Galinsky, a professor at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University, who led the study. The effect occurs only if you actually wear the coat and know its symbolic meaning that physicians tend to be careful, rigorous and good at paying attention. The findings, on the Web site of The Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, are a twist on a growing scientific field called embodied cognition. We think not just with our brains but with our bodies, Dr. Galinsky said, and our thought processes are based on physical experiences that set off associated abstract concepts. Now it appears that those experiences include the clothes we wear. I love the idea of trying to figure out why, when we put on certain clothes, we might more readily take on a role and how that might affect our basic abilities, said Joshua I. Davis, an assistant professor of psychology at Barnard College and expert on embodied cognition who was not involved with the study. This study does not fully explain how this comes about, he said, but it does suggest that it will be worth exploring various ideas. There is a huge body of work on embodied cognition, Dr. Galinsky said. The experience of washing your hands is associated with moral purity and ethical judgments. People rate others personally warmer if they hold a hot drink in their hand, and colder if they hold an iced drink. If you carry a heavy clipboard, you will feel more important. It has long been known that clothing affects how other people perceive us as well as how we think about ourselves, Dr. Galinsky said. Other experiments have shown that women who dress in a masculine fashion during a job interview are more likely to be hired, and a teaching assistant who wears formal clothes is perceived as more intelligent than one who dresses more casually. But the deeper question, the researchers said, is whether the clothing you wear affects your psychological processes. Does your outfit alter how you approach and interact with the world? So Dr. Galinsky and his colleague Hajo Adam conducted three experiments in which the clothes did not vary but their symbolic meaning was manipulated. In the first, 58 undergraduates were randomly assigned to wear a white lab coat or street clothes. Then they were given a test for selective attention based on their ability to notice incongruities, as when the word red appears in the color green. Those who wore the white lab coats made about half as many errors on incongruent trials as those who wore regular clothes. In the second experiment, 74 students were randomly assigned to one of three options: wearing a doctors coat, wearing a painters coat or seeing a doctors coat. Then they were given a test for sustained attention. They had to look at two very similar pictures side by side on a screen and spot four minor differences, writing them down as quickly as possible. Those who wore the doctors coat, which was identical to the painters coat, found more differences. They had acquired heightened attention. Those who wore the painters coat or were primed with merely seeing the doctors coat found fewer differences between the images. The third experiment explored this priming effect more thoroughly. Does simply seeing a physical item, like the coat, affect behavior? Students either wore a doctors coat or a painters coat, or were told to notice a doctors lab coat displayed on the desk in front of them for a long period of time. All three groups wrote essays about their thoughts on the coats. Then they were tested

Periscope Inventors Sir Howard Grubb and Simon Lake

Periscope Inventors Sir Howard Grubb and Simon Lake A periscope  is an optical device for conducting observations from a concealed or protected position. Simple periscopes consist of reflecting mirrors and/or prisms at opposite ends of a tube container. The reflecting surfaces are parallel to each other and at a 45 ° angle to the axis of the tube. The Military This basic form of periscope, with the addition of two simple lenses, served for observation purposes in the trenches during  World War I. Military personnel also use periscopes in some  gun turrets. Tanks  use periscopes extensively: They allow military personnel to check out their situation without leaving the safety of the tank. An important development, the  Gundlach rotary periscope, incorporated a rotating top, allowing a tank commander to obtain a 360-degree field of view without moving his seat.  This design, patented by  Rudolf Gundlach  in 1936, first saw use in the  Polish  7-TP  light tank (produced from 1935 to 1939).   Periscopes also  enabled soldiers to see over the tops of trenches, thus avoiding exposure to enemy fire (especially from snipers).  During  World War II, artillery observers and officers used specifically-manufactured periscope binoculars with different mountings. More complex periscopes, using  prisms  and/or advanced fiber optics instead of mirrors, and providing magnification, operate on  submarines  and in various fields of science. The overall design of the classical submarine periscope is very simple: two telescopes pointed into each other. If the two telescopes have different individual magnification, the difference between them causes an overall magnification or reduction.​ Sir Howard Grubb   The Navy attributes the invention of the periscope (1902) to Simon Lake and the perfection of the periscope to Sir Howard Grubb. For all its innovations,  USS Holland  had at least one major flaw; lack of vision when submerged. The submarine had to broach the surface so the crew could look out through windows in the conning tower. Broaching deprived the Holland of one of the submarine’s greatest advantages – stealth. Lack of vision, when submerged, was eventually corrected when Simon Lake used prisms and lenses to develop the omniscope, forerunner of the periscope. Sir Howard Grubb, a designer of astronomical instruments, developed the modern periscope that was first used in Holland-designed British Royal Navy submarines. For more than 50 years, the periscope was the submarine’s only visual aid until underwater television was installed aboard the nuclear-powered submarine  USS Nautilus. Thomas Grubb (1800-1878) founded a telescope-making firm in Dublin. Sir Howard Grubbs father was noted for inventing and constructing machinery for printing. In the early 1830s, he made an observatory for his own use equipped with a 9-inch (23cm) telescope. Thomas Grubbs youngest son Howard (1844-1931) joined the firm in 1865, under his hand the company gained a reputation for the first-class Grubb telescopes. During the First World War, demand was on Grubbs factory to make gunsights and periscopes for the war effort and it was during those years that Grubb perfected the periscopes design.

Free Essays on Forced Medications

To insure that all patients have rights, President Bill Clinton passed a bill in September 1996. This bill was appropriately called The Patient’s Bill of Rights. This bill states that no patients can be physically, emotionally, sexually, or financially abused or neglected. One of the rights in this bill is the patient’s right to take part in one’s own medical treatment plan. Unfortunately not every patient has the mental capacity to do this. A patient may be uneducated about the plan or mentally impaired. This is when patient advocates need to be employed. Forced Medication 2 Another right in this bill is the patient’s right to refuse treatment. This bill is violated every day, in one form or another. I have worked in health care for nine years. I have seen patients being forced to take medication. Of course, this doesn’t necessarily mean physically forced into someone’s mouth. It can mean lying to a confused patient, and telling them that the medication is candy, or giving medication in food without the patient’s knowledge. All of these examples are violations of patients’ rights. Some cases of forced medications are more extreme. By law, our government can force a person to take antipsychotic medication. One example of this is the case of US vs. Sell. In this case, Dr. Sell, a nonviolent pretrial detainee was forced to take antipsychotic, mind-altering drugs. The judge in this case ruled that Dr. Sell was mentally incompetent to withstand a trial. During the trial Dr. Sell, who suffers from a mental disorder, was spitting and shouting out racial slurs. However, there is not proof that Dr. Sell is a threat to himself or others. He was being rude and difficult to manage. This does not give the judge the right to force medication on him. Restraining patients for conve... Free Essays on Forced Medications Free Essays on Forced Medications To insure that all patients have rights, President Bill Clinton passed a bill in September 1996. This bill was appropriately called The Patient’s Bill of Rights. This bill states that no patients can be physically, emotionally, sexually, or financially abused or neglected. One of the rights in this bill is the patient’s right to take part in one’s own medical treatment plan. Unfortunately not every patient has the mental capacity to do this. A patient may be uneducated about the plan or mentally impaired. This is when patient advocates need to be employed. Forced Medication 2 Another right in this bill is the patient’s right to refuse treatment. This bill is violated every day, in one form or another. I have worked in health care for nine years. I have seen patients being forced to take medication. Of course, this doesn’t necessarily mean physically forced into someone’s mouth. It can mean lying to a confused patient, and telling them that the medication is candy, or giving medication in food without the patient’s knowledge. All of these examples are violations of patients’ rights. Some cases of forced medications are more extreme. By law, our government can force a person to take antipsychotic medication. One example of this is the case of US vs. Sell. In this case, Dr. Sell, a nonviolent pretrial detainee was forced to take antipsychotic, mind-altering drugs. The judge in this case ruled that Dr. Sell was mentally incompetent to withstand a trial. During the trial Dr. Sell, who suffers from a mental disorder, was spitting and shouting out racial slurs. However, there is not proof that Dr. Sell is a threat to himself or others. He was being rude and difficult to manage. This does not give the judge the right to force medication on him. Restraining patients for conve...

Most Wanted Transportation Improvement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Most Wanted Transportation Improvement - Essay Example Board saw the need to alert the public about the different safety regulations which have to be imposed and which have to be complied with in the transportation sector. The safety of Emergency Medical Services flights, more particularly the Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) flights were recently added to the list. The NTSB accurately pointed out that the mission of the EMS is to save lives; therefore, operating an EMS flight in an unsafe environment â€Å"just makes no sense† (Rosenker, as quoted by Air Safety Week, 2008). This most wanted improvement identified by the NTSB involves the â€Å"conduct of flights with medical personnel on board in accordance with commuter aircraft regulations† (NTSB, 2009). This improvement is also being described in terms of developing and implementing flight risk evaluation programs; requiring formalized dispatch and flight-following procedures plus up-to-date weather information; and installing terrain awareness and warning systems on aircrafts (NTSB, 2009). In 2006, the NTSB adopted the NTSB Special Investigation Report where they sought out to establish the importance of the EMS and of guaranteeing the safety of these flights. This report assessed EMS accidents from January 2002 to January 2005 and they were able to uncover about 55 EMS accidents during said time with 29 of these accidents preventable through corrective measures (SafeMedFlight, n.d). Most of these flights involved helicopters deployed by the EMS where, most recent figures registered a total of 35 casualties. The preventable nature of these accidents is an important indicator of the need to implement changes and improvements in EMS flights. The report above prompted the NTSB to seek the assistance of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in order for the latter to adopt measures in order to improve the safety of EMS flights. The NTSB was able to establish, during its investigation and assessments, that there seem to be less stringent

Ethics Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Ethics Paper - Essay Example While some may regard this as a victory, there are three reasons why ethics does not support the law in the instance in which this nine year old child is returned to her parents after so many years, and there are two schools of ethics, Ends Based and Care based that one might use to solve such a dilemma. The first reason why ethics does not support the law in this particular situation is that problems with attachment can develop if a child is suddenly uprooted from a family that she regards as her own and is placed with people she is unfamiliar with, even if they are her biological parents. This girl has been with her foster parents all of these years, has formed a bond with them, and they have played a major role in her social and emotional development. Now, she is uprooted, and she must go to people she has never met in her entire life to pick up where she left off. Research shows that it is quite traumatic to a child to be uprooted from a comforting environment, where attachments are formed, to be placed in one that is completely unfamiliar. For instance a journal article titled "Expressed emotions, early caregiver-child interaction, and disorders" talks about the importance of attachment and how it is the framework of the child's development.

Wrong reason Essay Example for Free

Wrong reason Essay It is sad that some marriages begin for what may be labeled a wrong reason. Some marriages were entered expressly for physical reasons. Perhaps the participants were infatuated with the others looks. Sexual gratification has no doubt given birth to many wed locks. Physical appearances change as age sets in and these marriages land in the divorce courts. Infidelity often crops up in these marriages but as said in Hebrews 13:4, Marriage is honorable among all, and the bed undefiled; but fornicators and adulterers God will judge. Being unfaithfulness in a marriage relationship is a sure way to bring about troubles and divorce. Gods design for the home is one man and one wife. There is no place for a second wife, a second husband, a concubine, a mistress, etc. The intimacy and fidelity which a marriage is to have can melt away when either partner turns to someone else for love and companionship. If the two have become one flesh, then there is no place for a third in the mix. Another challenge which arises occasionally is in-laws who desire to interfere in a marriage. There is nothing wrong with advice, helpful suggestions, and offers to give a hand, but when extended family become involved in a marriage more than they ought, it is time to establish appropriate boundaries immediately. Whether from the husbands or the wifes side, the in-laws must be made aware of their proper connection to the relationship. They are encouragers of, not participants in the marriage. Many youngsters marry in order to spite their parents. A good reason to get into wedlock is because parents did not like him/her. These marriages are made with the intention of harming another; the result will be doubtless harm to oneself. Also money is one of the primary things which lead couples to knock on the divorce doors. If money is the foundation of a marriage it can never bring in any warmth. Then there are different isolated issues which may break marriages. One woman was impressed by a fellow who gave a large amount of his time and money to charity. After she married him, it was her money and time that could have been spent with her that went to charity. She was not at all impressed with his generosity now. In different cultures, values are so wide spread and commonly held that they are taken for granted. Cross cultural marriages require special investigation because the people never think that other cultures have different ways of doing things. A woman from an upper class South America background married a US fellow who was studying to become a professor. She did not realize that US professors are not well paid. She ended up living in what to her was degrading poverty. He did not realize that upper class women from her country did not do housework. It was the duty of the husband to hire the help or do the work himself. He ended up doing it himself. Then what happens to the issues of these broken marriages? Broken families are one of lifes greatest tragedies. Divorce hurts! Children are robbed of the special experience and protection called Family. They move on in their lives without the understanding of what familial security and bond is. There is anger and bitterness in them and a feeling of guilt for parents use them as the target of their fights. A feeling of shame and inferiority creeps in and they hold a very low esteem of themselves. They often feel rejected. The feeling that one has been abandoned by the two closest people in the world often leaves scars that are difficult to heal. A loss of family identity often makes one feel inadequate or incomplete. Research shows that people who come from broken families are twice as much at risk in having failed marriages. Many of us do not realize how much we actually pick up from our own upbringing. Thus children of broken marriages suffer in deep emotional pain, ill health, depression, anxiety, even shortened life span. They tend to drop out of school, very few attend college, they earn less income, they develop more addictions to drugs and alcohol, and they engage in increased violence. Trusting each other is a very important ingredient of a marriage. Many people get into marriage, thinking that love is all they need. Most of us are not told that marriage requires work. Marriage is hard work. There are, of course, happy times but there will also be trying and painful times. In marriage, a woman and a man trust their souls to each other and with love and commitment and each improves the other. â€Å"It is like lifting a heavy load,† say Linda McConahey. â€Å"It is much easier if you join hands and help each other. In 1 Corinthians 7: 3-4, Paul writes, Let the husband render to his wife the affection due her, and likewise also the wife to her husband. The wife does not have authority over her own body, but the husband does. And likewise the husband does not have authority over his own body, but the wife does. Just as we are obliged to do good in the service of our Lord, we are bound to also do good for our spouse. In our relationship to the Lord, we belong to Him; in the marriage relationship, the husband and wife belong to one another. Sources: Why Marriages Fail by Kerby Anderson, www. probe. org Why Many Marriages Fail James Long, http://www.analog-rf.com/

The Negative Effects of Automobile Emissions Pollution Essays -- Envir

The Negative Effects of Automobile Emissions Pollution Charles Dickens wrote about the dirty conditions of London, England by saying, "Smoke lowering down from chimney pots, making a soft black drizzle, with flakes of soot in it as big as full-grown snowflakes – gone into mourning, one might imagine, for the death of the sun . . . Fog everywhere . . . fog down the river, where it rolls defiled among the tiers of shipping, and the waterside pollutions of a great (and dirty) city" (Qtd. Langone 28). The problem with the air back in Dickens’ day was all of the coal that was burned for heat and power. Today, we do not often use coal in our individual homes or businesses, but we still have a big problem with our air. Automobiles are our main problem today. In almost every large metropolitan area in the world, the effects of the pollution released from the cars can be seen, smelt and felt by the average person. When science and technology step in and actually measure the amounts of pollution present, the effects become even more shocking. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) measures the amount of pollution in our air on a scale they call the Pollution Standards Index or the PSI. This scale measures several different pollutants including: carbon monoxide, ground-level ozone, lead, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter and sulfur dioxide (EPA 2). Automobiles contribute to four of the six pollutants measured on the scale: Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide (Patterson 6). The scale also explains at what levels the pollutants become unhealthy and what we should do to protect ourselves. At the Good and Moderate levels of the scale, there are no serious health effects found. At the Unhealthful... .... Phoenix, August 1991. "Environmental Profile for: Maricopa County, Arizona. Air Quality". Environmental Protection Agency. 24 November, 1998. http://www.epa.gov/epahome/general.htm Kraft, Michael. Vig, Norman. Environmental Policy in the 1990’s. Washington D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1994. Langone, John. Our Endangered Earth. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1992. Levy, John. Contemporary Urban Planning. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1997. Lorenzetti, Maureen S. Alternative Motor Fuels. Tulsa: PennWell Publishing Co., 1996. Morgan, James, et al. The Technical Feasibility, Socio-Economic Impact and Environmental Benefits of Alternative Energy Vehicles As Related To The State of Arizona. Northern Arizona University, 1986. Patterson, D.J. Emissions From Combustion Engines And Their Control. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, 1972.

The Transformation of Psychology

The Transformation of Pyschology From the 1920s to today, psychology has surely developed. Technological advancements as well as new ideas and ways of thinking about the subject helped to reform what psychology is today. Rather than completely changing, psychology has actually built up more and more through the decades. New branches were added to the field as those who studied it made new breakthroughs. Over the years many scientists and psychologists have contributed to the transformation of psychology. Up until the 1920’s, psychology was defined as the science of mental life.It wasn’t until then that the idea of behaviorism became more prominent in psychology. During the time period between the 1920’s and the 1960’s, American psychologists led by John Watson redefined the meaning of psychology into a science of mental life and observable behavior. Not only did Watson redefine psychology, he also started the psychological school of behaviorism. It was als o around this time that Watson and his partner Rosalie Rayner conducted their conditioning experiment. The idea of classical conditioning came into play when behaviorism became a major branch of psychology.Between the 1950’s and 1970s, the mental perspective of psychology came back, producing another new branch. This new branch was called cognitive psychology. Cognitive psychology focused mainly on mental processes such as thinking, problem solving, memory, decision making, and language. The term â€Å"cognitive psychology† was first used in 1967 by the American psychologist named Ulric Neisser. To go along with cognitive psychology is the topic of cognitive development. This theory was concerned with the development of a person’s thought process.Jean Piaget published The Moral Judgment of Children which began his popularity as a theorist in cognitive development. As a reaction to behaviorism and psychoanalysis (a type developed by Freud, before the 1920s) , ano ther new type of psychology called humanism arose. Humanistic psychology stressed the importance of self-actualization and growth, and focused mainly on one’s potential. This new view on psychology was created by Abraham Maslow in the 1950s. He published Toward a Psychology of Being, in which he described humanistic psychology as â€Å"the third force† in psychology (behind behavioral and psychoanalysis).After the emergence of these new branches, psychology started to become more technologically advanced. Scientists and psychologists became interested in exploring the brain without removing it from subjects. They started to develop new technology. An example of this was in 1981, when a team developed the PET scan, which enabled doctors to view a computer generated image of the brain and when it is most active during certain mental activities. Today, technology continues to improve, which help psychologists discover more. Through the decades, psychology has undergone so me great changes.As new ideas came into play, new ways of thinking molded and shaped psychology into what it is today. Not only did psychology become a science of behavioral and mental life, but it also gained new branches that go even deeper. Psychology will most likely continue to grow and develop over the years. As technology advances, scientists and psychologists will discover even more and psychology will continue to expand as it did from the 1920’s until now.

Comparing two poems Essay

In this essay I will be comparing two poems. These poems are on the topic of war which is very relevant especially as there is a war going on in Iraq as I am writing this. The first poem I am going to write about called: â€Å"Dulce et Decorum est† is written by Wilfred Owen. He had first hand experience of war as he was a soldier; so he will give us a very honest opinion of war and what it was really like to fight in one. Unfortunately for him he was killed in action a week before the war ended. The poem has a very strong anti-war feeling about it; it is his personal view that dying for your country is not a very good thing and in the poem he conveys this to us by giving us very clear mental pictures of the horrible effects of war. Wilfred Owens’s attitude to war is that he is frustrated, angry and resentful of it. The poem type Wilfred uses in this poem is the Sonnet; this is odd because Sonnet poems are usually about love but in this case he is writing about hurt; rhythm of the octaves in this poem is slow and speeds up in the sestet. These ties in with the mood of the poem e.g.: â€Å"Gas! Gas! Gas! † This line has been broken up with exclamation marks to show that there is an emergency. Then it slows down quite considerably again in the final stanza to make us think of the suffering the soldiers go through. It is wonderful the way that he structures this poem from the soldiers’ feelings, to his own and then he asks the reader for their views. There is one very noticeable thing about the structure and that is that there are two lines of the poem on their own; also these line are not in the past tense like the rest of the poem and this is because he is trying to emphasize the mental scars of war which remain with him in the present. He gives us a very detailed mental picture and he gives us this in all three verses. In verse 1 he talks about the physical breakdown of the soldiers. He builds up this mental image of suffering e.g.: â€Å"knocked kneed†, and he continues this mental picture into versus 2 as he talks about his fellow solider suffering and dying in the gas as he can’t get his helmet on. He uses verbs in this verse in a clever way e.g.: Fumbling and floundering. E.g.: â€Å"†¦Fumbling, Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time.† â€Å"And floundering like a man in fire or lime.† In verse 3 he uses Onomatopoeic e.g.: gargling. He uses this word to explain how his fellow solider died e.g. â€Å"†¦Gargling from the forth-corrupted lungs.† The pain that this soldier suffered is conveyed to us in a very gruesome way e.g.: â€Å"As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.† What he means by that is he has breathed in so much gas its suffocating him so it is ver y like drowning. Another example â€Å"He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.† In the first verse he uses metaphors in a very powerful way e.g. â€Å"Blood shod†, â€Å"drunk with fatigue† to show the exhaustion and suffering of the soldiers. Also the Onomatopoeic words in the first verse â€Å"sludge† and â€Å"trudge†, show us how the soldiers slowly marched ; it tell us also that they had no determination and enthusiasm lift to fight for their country. Wilfred Owen is basically saying in this poem that he’s been there and it’s not that good at all to fight for your country. This is the complete opposite of what Lord Tennyson talks about in â€Å"The Charge of the Light Brigade†. Lord Tennyson’s poem is different from Wilfred Owen in a number of ways. Firstly Lord Tennyson has never fought in a war; Tennyson poem is also saying that it is good to die for your country and Tennyson’s poem is about the soldiers being heroes and noble men. The poet’s attitude to war is that it is an honorable and noble thing to die for your country. The tone of this poem is fast and very sharp e.g.: â€Å"Forward, the Light Brigade! Charge for the guns! † Another example is â€Å"Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them, Cannon in front of them† stays at this speed for most of the poem. Tennyson structures his poem in to 6 verses of even length. He starts off describing the advance in verse 1 and 2 e.g.: â€Å"Into the valley of death† â€Å"Forward, the Light Brigade!† then into verse 4 he talks about the heat of the battle e.g.: â€Å"Flashed all their sabers bare, Flashed as they turned in air, Sabring the gunners there.† In verses 5 and 6 he talks about the retreat e.g.: â€Å"Back from the mouth of Hell, All that was left of them† and he then goes on to say how courageous, noble and heroic the soldiers were e.g.: â€Å"honour the charge they made! Honour the light brigade, Noble six hundred†. Verse 6 is shorter than the rest as it is a tribute to the soldiers that fought in the war. The rhythm of the poem is regular; it conveys how inevitable the charge was. The rhyme sounds very grand, patriotic and has a musical tone about it. The poem type is a ballad. A ballad is usually a short narrative poem with stanzas of two or four lines and usually a refrain. They contain repetition e.g.: â€Å"Rode the six hundred† (which is on the end of every verse) another example: â€Å"Half league, half league, half league onward†. They are written in straight-forward verse, seldom with detail, but always with graphic simplicity and force. Many old-time ballads were written and performed by minstrels attached to noblemen’s courts. Language used in the poem is very powerful to glorify the charge rather than show pity. He uses metaphors in his poem e.g.: â€Å"Into the valley of death†; there is also personification used in his poem e.g.: â€Å"Into the jaws of death† and â€Å"Into the mouth of hell† He uses these metaphors and personification in his poem to emphasize the suicidal march of the Light Brigade. The hell and death in these phrases reinforces the views of this being the end for the soldiers. I really liked the way that Tennyson brings the reader into his poem by asking a rhetorical question: â€Å"Was there a man dismayed?† and â€Å"When can their glory fade?† He does use a quite a lot of onomatopoeia e.g.: â€Å"Volleyed and thundered† and â€Å"†¦Shot and shell†. He has also chosen his verbs in his poem really well. They are Very prominent; convey idea of speed, the light and movement all in the one verb is â€Å"flashed†. The repetition is very powerful and significant in the poem from the very first line: â€Å"Half a league, Half a League, Half a league onward.† My personal view on war is that it is a terrible thing and should only be used for a last resort. I would only agree with a war at present if there was evidence to prove that Iraq have weapons of mass destruction and then I would consider it a just war and that we must get Saddam quickly and carefully to keep down the risk of innocent deaths. I personally prefer â€Å"Dulce et Decorum est.† by Wilfred Owen as it is more detailed and gives you very vivid pictures of the soldiers deaths and as Wilfred Owen was believable actually there it’s more in a sense as he was has seen it up close. This poem taught me that war is a bad thing and it’s not worth it; it helped me to appreciate how much pain some of the soldiers had to suffer in the war.

WildCheryl Strayed Is The Main Character Essay Example

WildCheryl Strayed Is The Main Character Essay Example WildCheryl Strayed Is The Main Character Paper WildCheryl Strayed Is The Main Character Paper Essay Topic: Call of the Wild Into the Wild In this book, she goes through a lot terrible things that force to change. She change, fear into brave. In the beginning Cheryl Strayed was a nice girl because she when in college, determined to get her BAA degree. However, during her senior year, she had lost her mothers In lung cancer, so she TLD ended up getting a degree. Follow up to her mother death, she watched her family disintegration, and got divorced at the same time. Four years later, Cheryl Strayed stared to change piece by piece; first she Is cheating and laying to Paul by kiss other men. At one point, she promised herself that she will stop messing around with other men, but nothing changed. Even worse than at first she had sex with three men In five days. She also takes drugs for temporary pleasure. Finally, she made the most Important decision of her Like Is to be brave and hike the PACT alone with no backpacking experience at all. Cheryl Is a brave, and strong woman. She steps Into the wild to find forgiveness: l knew that if I allowed fear to overtake me, my journey was doomed. Fear, to a great extent, is born of a story we tell ourselves, and so I chose to tell myself a different story from the one woman are told. I decided I was safe. I was strong. I was brave. Nothing could vanquish me. So She made up her mine to be brave, and kept walking. Also, Cheryl had changed her point of view of her mother. Before, she hated her mother because she smoked drug in front of her own kids. The worst part that she did is tells them to call her by her first name, and leaving be hide the child alone while she worked, and being cheered in an annoying point. As she hiked, she had forgiven her mother. She started to look at the good side of her mother that she had given her children everything, and had loved them more than anyone. At the end of her trial, she will never feel at the bottom again, at that place she was again. Degree. However, during her senior year, she had lost her mothers in lung cancer, so he didnt ended up getting a degree. Follow up to her mother death, she watched Strayed stared to change piece by piece; first she is cheating and laying to Paul by men in five days. She also takes drugs for temporary pleasure. Finally, she made the most important decision of her like is to be brave and hike the PACT alone with no backpacking experience at all. Cheryl is a brave, and strong woman. She steps into the wild to find forgiveness: l knew that if I allowed fear to overtake me, my Journey

Marcus Garvey and Embracing African Heritage

Marcus Garvey and Embracing African Heritage No Marcus Garvey biography  would be complete without defining the radical views that made him a threat to the status quo. The life story of the Jamaican-born activist starts well before he came to the United States following World War I when Harlem was an exciting place for African-American culture. Poets like Langston Hughes and Countee Cullen, as well as novelists like Nella Larsen and Zora Neale Hurston, created a vibrant literature that captured the black experience. Musicians such as Duke Ellington and Billie Holiday, playing and singing in Harlem nightclubs, invented what has been called Americas classical music- jazz. In the midst of this renaissance of African-American culture in New York (known as the Harlem Renaissance), Garvey seized the attention of both white and black Americans with his powerful oratory and ideas about separatism. During the 1920s, the UNIA, the foundation of Garveys movement, became what historian Lawrence Levine has called the broadest mass movement in African-American history. Early Life Garvey was born in Jamaica in 1887, which was then part of the British West Indies. As a teenager, Garvey moved from his small coastal village to Kingston, where political speakers and preachers entranced him with their public speaking skills. He began studying oratory and practicing on his own. Entrance into Politics Garvey became a foreman for a large printing business, but a strike in 1907 during which he sided with the workers instead of management, derailed his career. The realization that politics was his true passion prompted Garvey to begin organizing and writing on behalf of workers. He traveled to Central and South America, where he spoke out on behalf of West Indian expatriate workers. The UNIA Garvey went to London in 1912 where he met a group of black intellectuals who gathered to discuss ideas like anti-colonialism and African unity. Returning to Jamaica in 1914, Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association or UNIA. Among the UNIAs goals were the founding of colleges for general and vocational education, the promotion of business ownership and the encouragement of a sense of brotherhood among the African diaspora. Garveys Trip to America Garvey encountered difficulties organizing Jamaicans; the more affluent tended to oppose his teachings as a threat to their position. In 1916, Garvey decided to travel to the United States to learn more about Americas black population. He discovered the time was ripe for the UNIA in the United States. As African-American soldiers began serving in World War I, there was widespread belief that being loyal and performing their duty for the United States would result in white Americans addressing the terrible racial inequalities that existed in the nation. In reality, African-American soldiers, after having experienced a more tolerant culture in France, returned home after the war to find racism as deeply entrenched as ever. Garveys teachings spoke to those who had been so disappointed to discover the status quo still in place after the war. Garveys Teachings Garvey established a branch of the UNIA in New York City, where he held meetings, putting into practice the oratorical style he had honed in Jamaica. He preached racial pride, for instance, encouraging parents to give their daughters black dolls to play with. He told African-Americans they had the same opportunities and potential as any other group of people in the world. Up, you mighty race, he exhorted the attendees. Garvey aimed his message at all African-Americans. To that end, he not only established the newspaper Negro World but also held parades in which he marched, wearing a lively dark suit with gold stripes and sporting a white hat with a plume. Relationship with W.E.B. Du Bois Garvey clashed with prominent African-American leaders of the day, including W.E.B. Du Bois. Among his criticisms, Du Bois denounced Garvey for meeting with Ku Klux Klan (KKK) members in Atlanta. At this meeting, Garvey told the KKK that their goals were compatible. Like the KKK, Garvey said, he rejected miscegenation and the idea of social equality. Blacks in America needed to forge their own destiny, according to Garvey. Ideas like these horrified Du Bois, who called Garvey the most dangerous enemy of the Negro Race in America and in the world in a May 1924 issue of The Crisis. Back to Africa Garvey is sometimes said to have headed a back-to-Africa movement. He did not call for a widespread exodus of blacks out of the Americas and into Africa but did see the continent as a source of heritage, culture, and pride. Garvey believed in founding a nation to serve as a central homeland, as Palestine was for Jews. In 1919, Garvey and the UNIA established the Black Star Line for the dual purposes of carrying blacks to Africa and promoting the idea of black enterprise. The Black Star Line The Black Star Line was poorly managed and fell victim to unscrupulous businessmen who sold damaged ships to the shipping line. Garvey also chose poor associates to go into business with, some of whom apparently stole money from the business. Garvey and the UNIA sold stock in the business by mail, and the inability of the company to deliver on its promises resulted in the federal government prosecuting Garvey and four others for mail fraud. Exile Though Garvey was only guilty of inexperience and bad choices, he was convicted in 1923. He spent two years in jail;  President Calvin Coolidge  ended his sentence early, but Garvey was deported in 1927. He continued to work for the UNIAs goals after his exile from the United States, but he was never able to return. The UNIA struggled on but never reached the heights it had under Garvey. Sources Levine, Lawrence W. Marcus Garvey and the Politics of Revitalization. In  The Unpredictable Past: Explorations in American Cultural History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. Lewis, David L.  W.E.B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919-1963. New York: Macmillan, 2001.

Gone With The Wind Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gone With The Wind - Research Proposal Example A good example of copyright issue that raised much debate is the relationship between Gone With The Wind (GWTW) and The Wind Done Gone (TWDG). Hence, this research will evaluate the copyright issues surrounding the conflict between GWTW and TWDG with reference to fair use and transformative elements. Research Question Does the re-write GWTW in the form of TWDG amounts to infringement of the copyright laws, and if so, does it violate the freedom of speech? Significance/ Discussion The significance of this research is to evaluate, and eventually understand the issues surrounding copyright laws. This is because copyright laws have certain exceptions, such as if the re-write of a given literary text is a satire or parody. No doubt, there are inadequate copyright laws that are effective in protecting the rights and creativity of the original authors. The big argument is that if the laws were stricter then they would violate the right to freedom of speech. According to Thampapillai in the article, The Novel as Social Satire: 60 Years Later, the Wind done Gone and the Limitations of Fair Use, the exceptions that parody or satire based re-writes do not amount to infringement promotes the freedom of speech that allows individuals to write what they think (Thampapillai). However, in some cases the copyright and freedom of speech may conflict, begging the question of which one should take precedence. This may take into account the utilitarian theory, which would advocate for the side that results in maximum benefits. For instance, it supports protection because it preserves the creativity of the authors. In the case of GWTW, Randall’s TWDG delivers the slavery story airbrushed by GWTW whereby it brings the accounts through a slave’s perspectives. Furthermore, the text draws some information from GWTW, which makes it re-write the GWTW story in a better way. Therefore, the aim of this research is to evaluate the relationship between GWTW and TWDG with regard t o copyright laws and all its related issues. The research will use several factors to evaluate in order to prove infringement or not. These factors include nature of the copyrighted work, effect on the potential market, and amount of suitability and finally use is for nonprofit educational nature or for commercial nature. These will help in evaluating whether the re-write in the case of GWTW amounts to infringement. Literature review In this research, I will present my arguments about copyright laws and issues surrounding using six texts or sources. In the first source, An Empirical Study of US Copyright Fair Use Opinions, Beebe explores the public perceptions on fair use and the copyright law in general. I will use this source to in my research to draw information on the status of copyright law of fair use with regard to the perspective of the public (Beebe 584). The main point of research will be whether fair use is beneficial of harmful to the literary industry, and how it can be regulated. This source will also provide information that I will use to compare the copyright law in the United States and that of Australia. The second source that I will use in the research is, â€Å"Free Speech and Intellectual Value†, an article by Bollinger, in which he explores the issue of free speech in relation to copyright law that my limit free speech (438). It will help me in understanding how promotion of free

Risk management and insuranc Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Risk management and insuranc - Assignment Example Secondly, the risk discovered is then measured in terms of the impact it can cause if it was to occur. That is done by estimating the frequency and severity of the risk. Alternative solutions are then examined to come up with the best way of solving the risk. The step puts more emphasis on how to deal with the risk and the most affordable alternative as well as choosing the most effective method to deal with the risk. The fourth step involves making a decision on which alternative to apply in order to manage the risk entirely. Risk managers come up with a conclusion of which method to use and, as a result, implement it. Potential methods are applied to either control or prevent the occurrence of a risk. After applying the solution, managers monitor the results of the activity performed to ensure quality work and fair progress of the risk management process. Managers also find the needed resources to fund the process (Outreville, 2014). Finally, the process ends up with an evaluation step. After implementing the alternative, an analysis is undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of the method towards managing risk. When it comes to comparing social security programs in different countries, one would be referring to the systems used by various countries to maintain the social security benefits programs. Comparing Australia and Mexico, both have employed new strategies of increasing the revenue they generate to support the programs. Australia has indeed increased the retirement age of women from 60 to 65 (Zavora, & Chepurny, 2014). The country has also strengthened the ways of determining whether an individual qualifies for age pension as well as instituting asset-based tests to help in the process. In Mexico, things seem to change a bit since the government has increased the year earnings as well as the contribution rates to

Probability and poker Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Probability and poker - Research Paper Example One of the common card games people engage in today is poker. It is played with a deck of fifty two cards. The ranks of a player’s cards and the combinations of these cards help determine the winner. In order to win big, players risk larger sums of money, hoping that they do not loose. Therefore, poker, just like any other gambling activity, is purely based on chance. In mathematics, one of the widely covered topics is probability, which is the study of the likelihood of an event occurring. For this reason, poker is directly related to this mathematical concept because outcomes are based on chance. Although most people question the importance of studying mathematics in school, the application of mathematical concepts in the real world are varied. Probability, which is a branch of mathematics, is one of the most used concepts in the world. This research aims at demonstrating how probability is used in gambling by focusing on the game of poker. For most poker players, there is strong belief in experience, skill and luck. Most players have an illusion of control in which a person beliefs he has the ability to understand and determine the outcome of uncertain events. Professional poker players are seen as those who have the ability to read their opponents with a high level of accuracy based on tiny or non-existent clues (Istrate, 55). Experienced players are those that have the ability to make accurate predictions, thereby increasing their chances of winning. In approaching the game of poker, most players look at their opponents to identify certain flaws or features that will help them to win the game. These flaws will tell them the weaknesses of their opponents, and thus capitalize on these weaknesses to win games. For this reason, players look at the position the opponents occupy on the table, their timings and pace, and the way they behave and move

Why School Should Start Later Essay Example for Free

Why School Should Start Later Essay Dont you hate waking up early in the morning? During the school year, students wake up early to get ready for school. In my opinion, its not practical for students to begin classes before 8:00 AM. I feel that schools should start an hour later, resulting in better attendances, grades and attitudes. Its a proven fact that teenagers need between 8 ? and 9 hours of sleep each night. Its also a proven fact that only 15 % of teenagers get the sleep that they need. Can you believe that more than 25 % of teenagers sleep less than seven hours a night? Are you one of those teenagers? Well, part of the reason why this is happening is because school starts so early in the morning. If school hours were changed, teenagers would be much healthier and feel better. If school started later, teenagers will have a longer time to sleep and time to prepare for school. A later start would mean that students would not be late to school as often as they have more time to wake up and get ready for school. The concentration levels of the students would increase as they have had the chance to prepare themselves for the day ahead. If concentration is improved then the rise in grades will increase. It will be more productive for schools and it would also give teachers more time to prepare for classes and the day ahead before the students arrive. Furthermore, school officials are always complaining that so many of their students are constantly tardy to school. They even have a policy in our school that states, if you are tardy five times to a certain class you have to stay an hour after school sitting in detention. Out of the many reasons students receive an office detention for being tardy; its usually due to their first period class. They dont get to school on time because they oversleep, so if these school officials dont like students being tardy, why dont they consider having school start later? Additionally, the first two periods seem like a waste. Students arent learning to their full potential, and as a result arent getting the grades they are capable of. Over 20 % of all high school students fall asleep in school at one time or another. Its hard to learn while youre sleeping. Also, part of the reason why students dont get enough sleep is because they are up late studying. You cant expect students to come home from school, study, eat dinner, do their homework and then go to bed right away. Teenagers need to watch TV, talk to their friends, and run errands after school. We arent machines; we need fun in our lives. With an extra hour of sleep, we will be refreshed and ready to learn for our first couple of classes. While many people say that if schools started an hour later, kids would just be staying up longer and goofing off, theyre wrong. Having that extra hour, students could have time to relax and wouldnt feel as rushed to do everything they have to do. So whats the problem? There is none. School officials need to stop making excuses against this. In a nutshell, I believe all schools including ours should adopt this schedule of beginning the school day an hour later. With an extra hour of sleep, students would have better attendance, better grades, and a better attitude towards school. What is the use of trying to teach kids that cant learn? Sending kids to school before they have had ample time to wake up will only result in them not learning to their full potential.

Essay on the Search for Freedom in Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour

Search for Freedom in The Story of an Hour  Ã‚      In the early 1900s, marriage was comparable to a master-and-slave relationship.   The role of the woman in the marriage was minimal.   The woman’s place was in the house, caring for the children, cleaning the house, and doing other â€Å"womanly† tasks.   Chained to their husbands, marriage became prison to many women; the only means of breaking free from these bonds being the death of a husband.   In Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† Mrs. Mallard lives for an hour, experiencing rebirth into freedom and death when that freedom is lost.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While sitting downstairs, Mrs. Mallard grieves over the loss of her husband, and over her new-found freedom.   His death tears out everything from right underneath her very own feet.   Dependent and heartbroken, everything she relies on her husband for has now become her responsibility.   Weeping â€Å"with sudden, wild abandonment†¦.,† Mrs. Mallard allows her emotions over her husband’s death to flow freely, thus...

Social control, discipline and regulation

Many more serious crimes such as large scale tax evasion which costs the government a lot of money, are often overlooked and are seldom prosecuted. Over time some laws which are no longer relevant are disseminated and other acts become criminals. These change with new governments and societal and culture changes. In 1967 the Sexual Offences Act was introduced which made it illegal in Britain for men of any age to have consensual sex together. Over time society has come to accept gay relationships and so in turn the law surrounding gay couples has also relaxed.In 2005 civil partnerships were introduced to give gay couples similar rights to married couples and the current government Is looking at making gay marriages legal. If deviant behavior seems to becoming more common, such as people carrying weapons then new legislations are put in place or existing legislations are updated and more harsh penalties are put in place to deter criminals and reduce crimes and visitation. Travis Hirsh (1969) through his social bond theory tries to explain why some people don't commit crime. He argues the question Why do they do it? Is not a question the control theory is signed to answer.The important question he says is Why don't we do it? [1]. Hirsh identified four main characteristics or social bonds which explain conformity. The more a person features these characteristics the less likely they are to become deviant or criminal. Attachment to family and friends he seen as the most Important factor In his social bond theory, this influence supports our norms, values and conscience. If we did not care about how we were perceived by our family and friends then we would be free to act deviant. Commitment to achievement Is another actor, this refers to how much effort, time and money a person puts into a particular activity.A person such as a doctor who has spent a lot of time, effort and money on educating themselves is less likely to become deviant because a criminal record coul d result in them losing their job. Involvement in conventional activities leaves a person with less time to think about or get involved in deviant activities. Belief refers to the strength of our commitment to a particular belief. There are variations in our beliefs; the less a person believes he should follow the rules the more likely he is to elate them. A criticism of Hirer's work would be to ask why people commit crime.This assumes that law abiding behavior is normal and that the majority of people do not commit crimes. In some sub cultures deviant behavior is the norm, children born Into this kind of culture and grow up breaking the law because It Is normal to them. Walsh does not explain this kind of behavior. When crimes are committed the judicial system uses different forms of punishment or social control. This is used to law. Harsh forms of social control are imprisonment or even death in some countries. A softer form of social control is things like fines and community ser vice.In Michel Faculty's book, Discipline and Punishment, he looks at the birth of the prison and how the penal system has changed from. In the 17th century the forms of punishment were brutal public tortures, humiliations, hangings and executions which focused on hurting the physical body. This triggered many riots in sympathy and support for the convict; the public were against these cruel methods of punishment which were also inconsistent. Faculty's believes this form of punishment was to show the power of the state rather than to act as deterrence.Prisons were first introduced in the 18th century as a result of the public protests for punishment without torture. Prisons focused punishment on the souls and minds of prisoners as the mind was now seen as more valuable and the body was seen as Just a machine controlled by the mind. This new form of discipline and punishment was able to control and manage the prisoner at all times rather than short bursts of bodily torture which was previously used. The prison became more than a place where offenders were deprived and became a place where discipline could be instilled.Faculty saw this as abuse of power, its main purpose would have been, an attempt to reform the criminal in the hope that upon his release he would be less likely to refined and become a contributing member of society. Faculty believes that detention causes recidivism; and states, â€Å"those leaving prison have more chance of going back to it; a very high proportion, up to 38 per cent of inmates were convicted again† [2]. If prisons worked then they would be empty. Jeremy Beneath a utilitarian philosopher was interested in the design of prisons. He designed a circular prison which he called the Pontific.It had a central tower so prison officers had a 360 view and could see into all of the cells at all times. The inmates could not see into the central tower and so never knew if they were being watched. The exact blueprint was never built but it did have some impact on how future prisons were designed. Faculty said that constant supervision and forced discipline broke the will of the criminal and made him into a ‘docile body which is easily controlled by people in authority. This was then ideal for the new economics, politics and warfare of modern industrial society.It enslaves us to a life of government controlled discipline. Critiques of Faculty have focused mainly on his ideas of struggle for self-freedom from the disciplines of society, believing that people should be unique individuals and be their true self. He does not explain this in depth nor does he explain how it fits in with society. Edward W Said states: other critics of Faculty argue he did not go in depth when explaining the struggle between individuality and society. Faculty did not give a purpose for the struggle or a goal to be obtained. Why should complete individuality be the ultimate purpose in life? For Faculty there seems to be no focal mint , but rather an endless network of relations† (Ho, 1986: 55). If a person were to believe Faculty's idea then following any rule of society would be submitting to the discipline of society. The anti-institutional consensus of the sass's refers to a cultural movement that developed in the United States and England. The baby boom children from the sass's were growing up in the sass's. The growing consciousness of a younger generation may have led to a shift in perspectives on societal wrongdoings. Race relations, women's rights and differing interpretations of the American Dream.People questioned the legitimacy of the state and started to challenge authority, this resulted in boycotts, marches, protests, sit-ins and riots. Along with drug use and sexual liberation, criminality rocketed. The role of women as full time homemakers in industrial society was challenged in 1963, giving way to the women's movement and influencing a second wave in feminism. The availability of birth con trol was the foundation of the sexual liberation. The idea of ‘recreational sex' without the threat of unwanted pregnancies changed society as it allowed men a women greater freedom outside traditional marriage.With this change in attitude, the amount of children born outside wedlock in the I-J rose from 8% in 1971 to nearly 45 % in 2007 [3]. This counterculture of the sass's influenced Governments to rethink criminal acts. There were changes in human rights and laws were put in place to tackle discrimination between men and women. From 1967 abortion became legal, and women became able to divorce their husbands when the Divorce Reform Act came into force in 1969. John Breathiest, an Australian criminologist recognizes that the current criminal justice system labels and astigmatisms offenders, making crime problems worse.He looks at the relationship between crime and social reactions in his book Crime, Shame and Reintegration. He believes a restorative Justice system to be more effective than a punitive Justice system which enables offenders and victims to come together. He suggests the key to crime control is cultural shaming and making the offender feel remorse for what he has done. Breathiest identifies two types of shaming. Disintegrative shaming is where the offender is stigmatize and excluded from society, becoming labeled along with his behavior.Reintegrating shaming is where criminal behavior is condemned rather than the offender. He is kept within society and is shown forgiveness through words or gestures. Breathiest argues that crime rates are higher in places where disintegrative shaming is used. His hypothesis is that in societies where there is a strong commitment to place collective interests over individual interest there are stronger incentives for people to conform and lower crime rates. He uses the example of Japan which is highly urbanites and densely populated; we would assume that crime rates would be high.Arrest rates are high UT pro secution rates are low. Cultural factors play an important role, honor and pride within Japanese families is very important so bringing shame upon the family is a deterrent to committing crimes. These traditions date back to the Samurai Warriors who would fall upon their own swords (Hair Kari) to prevent bringing shame upon their families. Japanese parents often commit suicide when their children commit serious crimes as they cannot cope with the shame and feel partly responsible. It is hard to compare the I-J with societies such as Japan which is a more equal society and less diverse.In the I-J the Home Office gave legislative endorsement to these ideas in 1998 Crime and Disorder Act and the 1999 Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act reflecting the definition of restorative Justice as restoration, reintegration and responsibility [4]. All kinds of initiatives that attempt to bring the victim and the offender together now carries the label ‘restorative'. Rock (1990) describe d the restorative system as a ‘dead duck so it is interesting to reflect upon the process whereby it gained its current status. Daly (2002) discusses in detail the that the current punitive Justice system to be ineffective.Prisons in England are currently close to full capacity, if they were effective they would be empty. Inmates are reportedly more likely to become recidivists and commit new crimes that they have learnt from other inmates. This causes greater problems for the Government when it comes to tackling crime. I believe that Michel Faculty is right in the sense that imprisonment, along with constant supervision and discipline is an abuse of power. John Barbiturate's work on a restorative Justice system could be beneficial to some offenders, victims and more importantly society as a whole.

Literature Review Global Financial Crisis Regulation

â€Å"Global Financial Crisis: Regulatory Arbitrage and Paradigm Shifts† In early 2008, the economy ground to an almost complete halt. As the stock indexes were overwhelmed by a virtual tsunami of never relenting red digits, it became clear that the financial markets had been hit by a crisis the scope and scale of which had not been witnessed since the Wall Street Crash of the 1930’s. Over time the causes became more clear, and as the dust settled, the world was left with several important questions to answer. First of all, there was the question of whether or not the global financial crisis was actually caused by flawed regulations and financial institutions or whether it is the fundamental behaviour of the financial market that is flawed, as caused by behavioural issues such as moral hazard and principle agent problems. As an extension of this, the second question involves whether or not financial regulation will be sufficient in realizing a stable and sustainable financial system or if a true paradigmal and behavioural shift is required. Finally and more practically, the third question is how such a change may be brought about in practice, and which exact aspects of the financial paradigm should be altered in order to realize sustainable financial markets. As we look more closely at the following questions and the appropriate literature, one can discern several issues, which may form the basis for further academic inquiry. First of all, it is clear that despite far reaching efforts of scholars, governments and other institutions to develop and introduce financial regulation in response to the financial crisis, recent evidence suggests that these measures fail to recognize fundamental flaws in the paradigms and values Freewriting exercise – Skills 3: Academic Writing S. N. Geesing – 342570 2010-2011 underlying actions of main financial institutions and firms, which need to be addressed in order to realise a sustainable financial process in the long term. From this main statement, we can now look into several direct causes of the crisis that can be related to the incentives that underlie these markets. One of these causes, as it appears, is the fact that Wall Street managed to lure the brightest minds in economics and mathematics with promises of wealth and fame, thus managing to consistently outsmart governmental institutions. By exploiting loop holes in regulatory frameworks, often done by developing complex financial derivates, the bulge bracket firms that set the tone in investment banking gained access to nearly limitless profits, foregoing issues of ethics and risk minimization in favour of short term and often personal gain. After recognizing this pattern, one may conclude that simply increasing bank reserves or bailing out mortgages (as many governments have done so far) will not allow for long term sustainability within financial markets. Other measures, such as increased transparency, caps on bonuses and reinvented incentive reward systems are more effective, but have proven difficult to practically implement. Introducing new regulation is always troublesome and this type of regulations has been met by heavy resistance, especially in the US, the place where new regulation is especially necessary. For this reason and more, a more indirect way of changing values and paradigms must be sought. Scholars have suggested that such measures are most likely to be found in economic theory and, more specifically, in forms of game theoretical applications, in which the government and the financial institutions act as â€Å"players† in a game that can be described as the general economy and financial markets.